OJO AL REGLAMENTO
La importancia de aislar el alféizar de ventana
El alféizar es un elemento constructivo que corresponde a la parte baja de la ventana (Figura 1). Lo encontramos en viviendas y en edificios aporticados.
Muchas viviendas en nuestro país tienen alféizares de ventanas hechos de albañilería que no están aislados de la estructura principal (Figura 2), o que sí lo están pero con juntas de muy poco espesor (Figura 3).
La Norma Técnica E-070 dice que, en las edificaciones con diafragma rígido (losa que no se deforma ni se dobla ante las cargas sísmicas), debe haber cercos y alféizares de ventanas aislados de la estructura principal (para mayor información, consulta el artículo 15 de la norma).
En esta ocasión, trataremos solo lo que la Norma llama "alféizares de ventanas aislados".
La recomendación es sencilla y práctica: aislar o independizar el alféizar de la estructura principal de la edificación, utilizando una junta de 1/2" rellena por algún material blando, como tecnopor (Figura 4). Además, el alféizar deberá estar arriostrado, es decir, se le debe poner riostras (elementos que evitan la desestabilización), tal como vemos en la Figura 5.
En caso de sismo, si los alféizares de ventanas no están aislados de la estructura principal, el techo arrastrará lateralmente la columna, muro portante o placa, y la hará chocar contra la zona superior del alféizar. Esto producirá los siguientes problemas:
1. Grieta vertical en la zona de unión (Figura 1). Esta grieta hace que el muro falle ante un sismo severo.
2. Reducción de la altura efectiva del muro portante ("H" en la Figura 2). Como resultado, habrá una mayor absorción de fuerza sísmica y la columna o muro portante, se fracturará, al no poder resistir (Figura 3).
Al seguir las indicaciones de la Norma Técnica, tanto en la elaboración del proyecto estructural (planos) como en la obra, mejorará la capacidad de respuesta de la estructura principal ante un sismo, de esta manera puedes evitar daños en la estructura.
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