SIEMPRE SEGUROS
LAS EXCAVACIONES
EXCAVACIONES CONTIGUAS A EDIFICACIONES EXISTENTES
Estos son casos de mucho cuidado que se presentan durante la construcción de sótanos que están junto a edificaciones ya existentes. En la Figura 1, fácilmente nos damos cuenta de que si cortamos el suelo de modo vertical, el terreno puede ceder debido al peso de la edificación existente y, también, a las fuerzas de empuje que producen los suelos.
Habría un alto riesgo de derrumbe, si se hace la excavación del terreno, tal como se muestra en la Figura 1.
Sin los elementos de sostenimiento del talud, a lo largo de toda la cimentación de la edificación existente, los trabajadores estarían expuestos al peligro de ser aplastados por el derrumbe de este. Además, se afectaría la estabilidad de la edificación vecina. (Ver Figura 2)
Por ello es recomendable que la excavación se realice con mucho cuidado, bajo la dirección del ingeniero residente y con la ayuda de una calzadura, una estructura que sirve para contener el empuje natural de los suelos y de apoyo a la cimentación de la edificación vecina (Ver Figura 3)
La calzadura debe ser diseñada estructuralmente por un ingeniero (Ver artículo “Mucho Ojo al Reglamento”)
¿Cuándo puede derrumbarse una calzadura? (Ver Figura 4)
1) Cuando no se ha hecho el diseño estructural correspondiente.
2) Cuando, habiéndose hecho el diseño durante la construcción, no se han respetado los planos ni las especificaciones técnicas.
3) Cuando la mano de obra empleada en su construcción es deficiente.
RECOMENDACIONES:
1) Debes tener mucho cuidado al construir una calzadura. Guíate estrictamente por los planos y por las indicaciones del ingeniero de obra.
2) La información técnica (forma de excavación, resistencia del concreto (f´c), medidas, etc.) sobre la construcción de una calzadura debe darla un ingeniero civil.
3) La construcción de una calzadura se realiza progresivamente, confirme se va profundizando la excavación. También se va engrosando más, lo cual se debe – entre otras razones – a la presión que el terreno le transmite a la calzadura; es decir, a mayor profundidad de excavación, mayor presión (Ver Figuras 5 y 6).
Observa cómo se hace la calzadura:
1.- Se hace por franjas horizontales.
2.- En cada franja:
3.- Se continúa de la misma manera, en la franja siguiente.
4) Aplica las medidas de seguridad en el uso de picos, lampas, etc.
5) No utilices planchas de triplay para contener el derrumbe; son muy débiles.
6) Si durante la excavación detectas agua en el subsuelo, paraliza los trabajos y avisa inmediatamente al ingeniero de obra.
7) Antes de empezar excavaciones pequeñas, toma precauciones par sostener la edificación vecina, usando puntales, soportes, etc.
8) Si usas madera, asegúrate que sea fuerte y no tenga rajaduras.
9) En las excavaciones, protege tu cabeza con el caso. No trabajes con zapatilla ni con sandalias, usa botines de seguridad.
Aceros Arequipa S.A. Corporation
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